Master's Thesis on Don Rutledge: Chapter Two

THE EARLY YEARS WITH BLACK STAR, 1955 TO 1966

Don Rutledge

         Don was born in Smithfield, Tennessee.  Not long after being born the family moved to Murfreesboro, Ten­nessee, south of Nash­ville.  "Good ole' home folk," is what you would say about the Rutledges.  They lived on a farm where all of them worked togeth­er as a family.  Growing up in rural Tennes­see is where Don was ex­posed to the world.  Don's family was involved in the local Baptist com­munity church, where they were often praying for and listen­ing to missionaries from all over the world.  Although this family was in the coun­try, they were not limited by any means.  This world vision is what would drive Don throughout his life.

         One of Don's uncles had a box camera.  Don asked if he could use it.  Going to the local drug store, he bought some film and went back to the farm to explore his own home with a camera.  Don took many dif­ferent pictures of the farm while he was a teenager.  Having these photographs developed, he started to see the mysteri­ous power of the photograph.

         While attending Temple College in Chattanoo­ga, Tennes­see, Don took photo­graphs for the student paper and year book.  This experience helps to build his techni­cal skills and proficiency with the camera. 

         During the sum­mers Don went on mis­sion trips to help mis­sion­aries in places like Central America.  Recording these visits with his camera, he then would show the pictures to his church and other groups. 

Figure 4 John Howard Griffin uses the heat lamps to help tan his 
skin with the aid of drugs.  This process helped to change him into 
appearing Black.

They not only enjoyed the photo­graphs, but were "trans­ported" from Tennessee to Central America, through the "eyes of Don."  Don was always pulling for the underdog, since he could relate.  While in high school some boys jumped Don and seriously hurt him.  He had been wear­ing braces at the time.  His mouth was beaten up outside and inside.  He later found each of the boys alone and repaid the fa­vor.  He knew very well what it was like to be a minority in umber.  This experi­ence taught Don, that there are times when people need others to help them. 

Figure 5 John Howard Griffin uses makeup to smooth out his complexion

        Don's helping nature moved him into the ministry.  Don was an­swering the call to the ministry that he felt deep inside of himself.  After talking to church leaders, Don was led to believe that the only place that he could serve as a minister was as a pastor or a mis­sionary.

         Don Rutledge majored in religion and psychology in college.  These two give Don the edge on under­standing people.  Theol­ogy is cen­tered on relation­ships.  The Bible teaches us how God wants and desires a relationship with his people.  We also learn through the Bible about the relation­ships between people.  Nurturing each other as believers and reaching out to God's world is what the Bible teaches.  Jesus said,

Figure 6 Checking his makeup one last time before venturing out as a Black man.

"For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you invited me in, I needed clothes and you clothed me, I was sick and you looked after me, I was in prison and you came to visit me."

         Then the righteous will answer him, "Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give you something to drink? When did we see you a stranger and invite you in, or needing clothes and clothe you?  When did we see you sick or in prison and go to visit you?"

         The King will reply, "I tell you the truth, what­ever you did for one of the least of these brothers of mine, you did for me."[1]

Don's life reflects this passage.

         The psychology taught him how to read body lan­guage.  Body language is very important in Rutledge's photographs.  The body language is more than peak actions of anger, sadness or happiness.  It runs the full range of emotions.  Both the theology and psychology become so integrated in Rutledge's work that it is difficult to separate the two. 

Figure 7 Mr. Griffin talks to the help in a restaurant in New Orleans.

         Don wanted to help people in need and aid them in acquiring dignity.  Don, through his preaching, tried to communicate to people but was never truly comfortable in the pulpit. 

         While at Temple College, Don served as president of the student body.  He was a very quick thinker in his own right.  Don grew up in the most conservative of backgrounds.  Like many from this conservative background, Don saw some of the fault of this thinking.  Later Don would see that very few groups have it all together.  Throughout college, Don started trying to find his niche in society. 

         After graduating, the Director of Missions of Murfreesboro Association in Tennessee asked Don to consider pastoring a church.  He talked to Don about how the church was falling apart.  Going into this pastorate Don was planning to help the church close its doors.  Coming from the very conservative group, where most pastors ruled with certain authority, Don took a completely different approach.  Don encour­aged the people to grow as individuals and as a group.  He let them take control of the church.  The reason for this "hands off" practice was twofold in nature:  (1) Don did not believe in telling people what to do, and (2) he was pursuing the career as a photo­journalist during the week. 

         Being a bi-vocational pastor allowed Don to combine two loves.  Don was fulfilling the call to the ministry and was trying to understand this call of photog­raphy.

         In 1955, Don frequently wrote Howard Chapnick at Black Star, a photo agency in New York.  Don had noticed the cut-lines of the photographers in magazines and noticed that Black Star represent­ed many of the photographers.  Black Star told Don they wanted to see a portfo­lio before giving him an assignment.  Don didn't have a portfolio.  During the time Don was corre­spond­ing, he gave them story idea after story idea.

Figure 8 The shoe shine man had to be told by Don
that John Howard Griffin was white and not black.  He
could hardly believe that this man was really white.

         Black Star was frus­trated with the person who kept writing them so often.  He had some good ideas, but can he take a photograph?  They wrote back letting him know that they liked one of his ideas.  They contacted the parties to see if they were interested.  That first story was for Friends magazine.  This was the magazine of the Chevrolet Compa­ny.

         Don was so de­lighted with the response, he imme­diate­ly contacted the people in the area for the story and went and shot the story, also writing the material, and sent the package of contact sheets and material to Black Star.  Black Star was quite upset. "We haven't even talked to them and you have already shot the story," was the reply Don received.  They also in­formed him of the many holes in the story and how it would not work.  This was their mistake. 

Figure 9 In New Orleans, John Howard Griffin outside a movie theater entrance.

         Don contacted the people again and went back filling in the holes.  This was Don's really first time to have someone cri­tique his work and guide him.  The Friends magazine not only liked the work but wanted to use Don again.  This was the begin­ning of a close relation­ship of Don with Black Star and even more so with Howard Chapnick.

Figure 10 Don's awareness of body language is sometimes very clear-cut like here in this photograph of teacher and stu­dents.  Often the body language is more subtle in Don's photographs.  Body language is always important in Don's photographs.

         Meanwhile, Don's career with Black Star was growing and so, too, was the church.  Don's leadership style, which required all the people to become in­volved, saved the church and helped it to become a strong church of the com­mu­nity.  Don realized that the church needed some­one full-time.  Don joked with the people saying that when he was gone doing an assignment and another person filled the pulpit, the attendance was always higher.  Don was feeling more at ease as a photog­rapher and less content as a pas­tor.  Don re­signed, and the church today still has good memories of Don.  They con­tinue to invite him to speak at homecoming.

         Living so close to Nash­ville was ideal for a photogra­pher.  Black Star was needing coverages of the Grand Ole' Opry and special coverages of the personali­ties in the Nashville area.  Mirror magazine had asked Black Star to find the next up—and—com­ing country star in Nashville. 

Figure 11 Don took this in 1967 inside the Arctic Circle.  People are so comfortable with Don that he is able to be apart of the woodwork. 

Don was given the assignment.  Don asked around about how to find someone who would know about the up—and—coming stars.  After searching throughout the Nash­ville area, Don was told about a man who gave pens to those stars that were up and coming.  This man was supposed to be the best at spotting new talent.  The man happened to be under Don's nose all the time.  The man who knew all the up—and—coming stars worked at the camera store Rutledge patronized.  The man who had been waiting on Rutledge for years was the expert on the country singers. 

         After talking with this expert, Don went to this unknown country singer's home and wondered if this person new what he was doing.  Don sat on a crate and talked to Loretta Lynn and did the story.  This interview is portrayed in the movie "Coal Miner's Daughter."  Don helped to launch the career of Loretta Lynn.  Don photo­graphed many of the stars of Nashville for Black Star.

         Don did coverages for Black Star on religious subjects.  He followed the Wycliff translators into the Amazon.  He photographed a theater group at Georgetown College in Kentucky that painted their faces like stained glass.  The story was again religious in nature.

Figure 12"Don discovered these two young­sters who
proudly displayed the results of their morn­ing
hunt.  In that section of Cincinnati, rats were not
particularly difficult quarry to locate."
[Walk­er Knight, See How Love Works]

         While Don had started working with Black Star, our country was in a major turmoil.  Although Lincoln had helped to free the slaves, the Blacks were still in bondage in America.  Racism had led the country to the Civil Right's Move­ment.  Dr. Martin Luther King and other prominent people in the movement, were photographed by Don.  His camera helped America to see itself in the mirror.  Most of the country did not like what it saw.  Don Rutledge helped America see how the South was an apartheid.  Today in South Africa it is being played out again.  But in the late fifties and early sixties the United States had its insides turned out for the world to see.

         Don was raised in the midst of the racist environment of the South, but was not at all a part of the oppression of the Blacks.  Don was one of the strongest photojournalistic voices during this time.   Don not only covered the news events, but created with a writer one of the most powerful books during the Civil Rights move­ment: Black Like Me.

         One day while he was reading the newspaper, Don noticed an article about a street in Atlanta, Georgia, that had more Black millionaires than anywhere else in the world.  How could this be?  Black millionaires in the South?  Don contacted Black Star with the idea of doing a story on this idea.  They checked their connections to see what magazines might be interested.  They found a magazine based in Fort Worth, Texas, that was interested.  They sent the writer, John Howard Griffin, to work with Don on the coverage.  While the two of them worked on the story, Howard Griffin talked with Don about an idea concerning the Civil Rights issue. 

         John Howard Griffin had the idea of taking some hormonal drugs that would alter his appearance, mak­ing him look Black.  He also would style his hair dif­ferently as to look as much like a Black as possible.  His idea was to cover the story of what it was like to be a Black in the South just from being a different skin color.  This story intrigued Don.  After complet­ing the story on the million­aires, John Howard Griffin and Don disap­peared into the deep South to do the coverage for Black Like Me.

Figure 13 During 1967 Don went to Dania, Florida and
photographed this Seminole woman sitting under a
chickee, a thatched hut of Indian design.

         As they worked on the coverage, they sent the pictures back to the maga­zine.  This made certain that everything was coming out fine and the cameras were working well.  Howard Chapnick of Black Star told this story over and over to many photogra­phers emphasiz­ing the difficulties in which one can get involved when working without a good agency.  Don was not on staff for Black Star but was a major freelancer for them.

         The editor of the magazine sent some of the photographs over the wire service before Don and the writer were ready for them to do so.  This had editors all over the world call­ing, wanting the story.  They were bid­ding for first rights to the story.  Black Star sold the story all over the world.  Then the pub­lisher indicated that Don had commit­ted to him all the rights.  "This was what I thought was an unscru­pulous publisher," ac­cording to Chapnick.[2]  There were meetings with Don, Howard Chapn­ick and the publisher.  The publisher said, "You are sophisticated urban New Yorkers, and I am just a country boy."  "Well this coun­try boy really took us over," remarked Howard Chapnick.  "Because of his high sense of ethics, he really didn't want to battle the man for money.  So all this good work that he did and the good work we did in placing the material, all went for naught as far as the fi­nancial return for Don."[3]

         "His strength over the years was his high sense of ethics and his religiosity, if you will," commented Chapnick.  "This carried through into his concern for mankind and the important issues.  He tried to use pho­togra­phy to make people aware of the great problems in the world.  He used it as a force for change; changing public perceptions and alert­ing the world to the prob­lems that the world suffers like poverty and sickness."[4]

         "One of his great strengths is that he was very observant of the world around him, not only in terms of the big stories, but the little stories, too.   He had this happy faculty of being responsive to visually translatable ideas which could be made into saleable entities."[5]

         Don was concerned that the pictures were becoming more important than the story itself.  Don gave the negatives to John Howard Griffin.  The book came out.  Don never received any roy­al­ties.  The result was that Black Star had to give all the money it had received to the magazine.

         "Don was always good at providing background information and captions, and this is something that isn't always apparent with a photojournalist.  They tend to be pretty sloppy in adding the important words which give more informa­tion than photographs, which sometimes are ambiguous.  There were few that were as prolific as Don," remarked Howard Chapnick.[6]

         Eugene Smith could be considered to be Don Rutledge's mentor in photogra­phy.  Eugene Smith was one who tried to capture with the camera more than just people as objects——he tried to capture the essence of the person in his photographs.  Eugene Smith kept the dignity of those he photographed and made them heroes in the story.  The subjects were romanti­cized by Eugene Smith.  People, like the Doctor that he shot for Life mag­azine, were al­ways por­trayed in such a way that the viewer identified with the sub­ject.

         Don studied pho­tography masters and often quoted them.  This was Don's educa­tion——reading and studying the masters of photogra­phy and being aware of the world in which he lives.  Being a Christian means growing in Christ.  As a Christian grows he should be able to just move easily into situations and respond with the heart of Christ.  "One does not think dur­ing creative work, any more than one thinks when driving a car.  But one has a background of years——learning, un­learning; success, failure, dreaming, thinking, experience, all this——then the moment of creation, the focusing of all into the moment," was the statement made by Edward Weston.[7]

         Jesus looked at people as individuals——he saw the tree in the forest.  Christians, too, must focus on the individuals in their minis­try.  Photographing people should reflect how one cares for people.  "The photographer should not come to his subject with his image all fabricated in his head," says Robert Doisneau.  He continues saying, "The photogra­pher must be absor­bent——like a blotter, allow himself to be penetrated by the poetic moment, by the spirit of the place where he finds him­self."[8]

         Don is true to the moment and never asks people to stage something.  He may ask them to repeat something but never fabricate anything unnatural.  "Nature has a great deal more imagination than I have; why should I try to improve on it?  The best I can do is to look for these manifestations and to photo­graph them before they get away."[9]

         Don believes that pictures are not merely to document an event or show what a person looks like, but to communicate the essence of the event or person to the audience.  "The best pictures are made by those photographers who feel some excitement about life and use the camera to share their enthusiasm with others.  The camera in such hands is a medium for communicating vital experi­ence," voiced Roy Stryker, editor of Life magazine.[10]  For Ben Shahn, "Photog­ra­phy is a matter of communi­cation in human terms and mostly in human subjects, and I have set this very sim­ple problem for myself, of showing humanity in those terms that interest me and in the clearest way."[11]  Eu­gene Smith said, "The more important the story, the better the photographer should try to tell it.  Even when the material is suffi­ciently important to make its impact regardless of the quality of my print, the more powerful the picture, the more certain I am that people will have a chance to under­stand what I want to say."[12]

         Jesus, rising from the tomb was the culmination of the gospel.  He defeated death.  The choice of his words were so wise and timely.  The Bible pictures impor­tant events as moments, not as long events. To me, photogra­phy is recognition in a fraction of a second, simul­taneously of the significance of an event as well as of precise formal organization which brings to life that event.
         The camera works fast, and so does the photogra­pher.  Within the second he has to see and to feel, to under­stand and to select, to react and to act.  Movement and expression unseen before it is stopped.  A mo­ment is captured that never was and never will be again.
         All attention is con­centrated on the spe­cific moment, almost too good to be true, which can only vanish in the second that follows and which pro­duces an impact impossible with any staged set­ting.[13] 
         Photography has a unique power to awaken social conscience.  If you are genuinely concerned with the plight of the people you are photographing, and are convinced that your photographs can do some­thing——however little——to help them, then your sincerity and good intentions will inevitably shine through.  This in itself will help you to secure from the people around you the coopera­tion that is essential if you are to produce good pictures.
         On a practical level, try to be as sensitive as you can to the feelings of the people you are photo­graphing or working with, and make sure your photo­graphic technique reflects this sensitiv­ity.  Keep a low profile by using avail­able light, not flash, and remember that many people are easily intimidated or antagonized by ostenta­tious display of photographic equipment.[14]

         When Don's colleagues are asked about Don and how he has impacted them, they all refer to his integrity.  Don communicates well the idea of the eyes being the window to the soul.  Maybe this is because Don tries to keep the innocence of a child when photograph­ing.  Don says,

         Photography is a fascinating communications medium.  It forces us to see, to look beyond what the average person observes, to search where some people never think to look.  It even draws us back to the curiosity we experienced in our childhood.

          Children are filled with excitement about their surrounding world:  Why is the sky blue?  Why is one flower red and another yellow?  How do the stars stay up in the sky?  Why is the snow cold?

          As the years go by that curious child matures into a normal adult with the attitude of "who cares anymore about those childish questions and an­swers?"  At that moment much of the world becomes mundane, little more than a place of survival until retirement and finally death.

          But photography, in its best usage, will not allow us to do that.  It forces us to continue asking ques­tions which began in our childhood and probe for an­swers in the maturity of our life.  The "seeing beyond what the average person sees" fills us constantly with excitement and allows us to keep the dreams of our youth.  It gives "seeing" a newness and freshness as a person works hard to communicate through photogra­phy the messages that need to be conveyed.[15]

         Don always tried to look at life in a creative way.  Don took frequent rides into the country with his wife Lucy.  The writer and his wife would go along.  Often Lucy wanted to look through Don's camera to see what Don was seeing.  "He always sees something that I do not see," was Lucy's praise of Don.  She enjoyed seeing Don's photographs.  Don says that she is his biggest critic and fan.  She can be so honest with Don, and Don listens.

         For Don to be on the road and have two young boys growing up required Lucy to run the household while he was away and help make the transition when Don returned home.  Things were not always smooth at home, but today Mark, the oldest, is a mission­ary with his wife in Haiti.  Craig, the youngest, works with the Home Mission Board in Atlanta at the main office. 
         Today Don does not enjoy eating at fast food hamburger places.  For the first years on the road that was all that he could afford.  Often Don drove home several hours after a cover­age to return early the next morning, because he did not have the money for a motel.  For Don to make the pilgrimage that he did, he had to remain committed.  He also had to have a real call, for the struggles were sometimes unbear­able.  Going from the pulpit to the streets of the world opened Don's eyes and allowed him to see God's world as a boy from the farm in Tennessee could have never imagined.  Don's coverages in the fifties and sixties helped to pave the way for the coverages he would later request to do in the religious establishment.  These years with Black Star established him as one who was capable of delivering.  Don had a back­ground that showed he had covered the top stories in the world.  Even with this background, Don continued to struggle.  Portfolio or no portfolio, his next stop in Atlanta tested his patience and endur­ance at wanting to be a minister with a camera.

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    [1] Matthew 25:35-40, NIV (New International Version).

    [2] Mr. Howard Chapnick, interview by author, Tape recording, New York, New York, 12 October 1992.

    [3] Ibid.

    [4] Ibid.

    [5] Ibid.

    [6] Ibid.

    [7] Jacob Deschin, 35mm Photography, (New York: A. S. Barnes and Company 1959), 14.

    [8] Ibid.

    [9] Ibid.

    [10] Ibid.

    [11] Ibid.

    [12] Ibid., 15.

    [13] Ibid.

    [14] George Constable, Photographing the Drama of Daily Life, (Chicago: Time-Life Books, 1984), 72.

    [15] Don Rutledge, "Better photos for your publication or photography for communicators."  Unpublished article given to writer by Don Rutledge, 1992.